Science Entry Electric Circuits
An electric Circuit is a complete path that carries electric current from one place to another basic circuit needs:1) A source: battery, plug, lemon, etc.2) A resistor: light bulb, motor, fan, etc.3) Connecting wires, switches, etcA circuit connects in a path these things. The positive and negative energy in a battery never need to connect (until they reach the resistor) or else they connect a short circuit. The flow of charge in a circuit is measured in volts (a battery has 1.5 volts, a plug has 220 volts) and the amount of current is measured in amps (more then 0.2 amps are deadly). Ohm's law states the resistance of a circuit is equals to the voltage (volts) divided by the charge (amps). Electricity is connected to magnetism if you connect a wire with loops (called a solenoid) to a functioning circuit you will produce a magnetic field. This magnetic field needs electricity to function, but it has the advantage that it is controlled by your circuit, so you can decide the power on the magnetic field (that depends on the voltage/materials/resistance of the your circuit) and you can turn it on and off.
lunedì 5 febbraio 2007
Extra Italian Entry The Odyssey
Odysseus is a mythical hero, wise, intelligent, strong and king of the little island of Itaca. When his son is born, Odysseus is requested to the king Agamemnon to fight the war of Troy. After ten bloody years, Odysseus develops a way to conquer the city of Troy (that was still resisting). He develops the idea of the Trojan horse, the Greeks impersonated a retreat and the offering of a huge wooden horse as a tribute to the Trojans. Actually the horse was full of Greek soldiers who later burned the city of Troy and killed everybody. Once victory is achieved Odysseus makes the mistake of insulting the sea god Poseidon and for that he will pay. Odysseus wants to go home but Poseidon controls the route of the seas. In his voyage he will meet the cyclope Polyfemous, the magician Circe, the nymph Calypso, the two beasts Scylla and Cariddi and the princess Nausica. With the appeasement of Poseidon, Odysseus will reach his home (when his son is 20), but the is another problem, a group of princes is trying to steal his throne.
Odysseus is a mythical hero, wise, intelligent, strong and king of the little island of Itaca. When his son is born, Odysseus is requested to the king Agamemnon to fight the war of Troy. After ten bloody years, Odysseus develops a way to conquer the city of Troy (that was still resisting). He develops the idea of the Trojan horse, the Greeks impersonated a retreat and the offering of a huge wooden horse as a tribute to the Trojans. Actually the horse was full of Greek soldiers who later burned the city of Troy and killed everybody. Once victory is achieved Odysseus makes the mistake of insulting the sea god Poseidon and for that he will pay. Odysseus wants to go home but Poseidon controls the route of the seas. In his voyage he will meet the cyclope Polyfemous, the magician Circe, the nymph Calypso, the two beasts Scylla and Cariddi and the princess Nausica. With the appeasement of Poseidon, Odysseus will reach his home (when his son is 20), but the is another problem, a group of princes is trying to steal his throne.
Italian Entry I Promessi Sposi
Renzo and Lucia are in love and ready to marry. Everything is going well except for one thing, their priest, Don Abbondio (on the day before their scheduled marriage) meets two soldiers, named bravi, sent by their evil Don Rodrigo. Their message is very clear, if Don Abbondio will marry the two soldiers (or tells anything about their meeting) he will be killed. Unfortunately Don Abbondio's lips aren't very tight his secret slips to his maid who eventually tells Renzo. The marriage is canceled and the two lovers must escape because Don Rodrigo is planning to kidnap Lucia. Renzo escapes to Milan (where he gets involved in many historical events) while Lucia is sent to a convent in Monza. Instead the furious Don Rodrigo who absolutely wants Lucia calls for a special mercenary, the Innominato. Lucia is kidnapped and locked in the Innominato's' castle, so the only thing she has left is his faith in god. Actually god succeeds and the Innominato gets soft and frees Lucia. Lucia will meet Renzo in Milan but they still have some enemies to deal with, Don Rodrigo and the Black Plague…
Renzo and Lucia are in love and ready to marry. Everything is going well except for one thing, their priest, Don Abbondio (on the day before their scheduled marriage) meets two soldiers, named bravi, sent by their evil Don Rodrigo. Their message is very clear, if Don Abbondio will marry the two soldiers (or tells anything about their meeting) he will be killed. Unfortunately Don Abbondio's lips aren't very tight his secret slips to his maid who eventually tells Renzo. The marriage is canceled and the two lovers must escape because Don Rodrigo is planning to kidnap Lucia. Renzo escapes to Milan (where he gets involved in many historical events) while Lucia is sent to a convent in Monza. Instead the furious Don Rodrigo who absolutely wants Lucia calls for a special mercenary, the Innominato. Lucia is kidnapped and locked in the Innominato's' castle, so the only thing she has left is his faith in god. Actually god succeeds and the Innominato gets soft and frees Lucia. Lucia will meet Renzo in Milan but they still have some enemies to deal with, Don Rodrigo and the Black Plague…
Social Studies Synopsis The Enigma Machine
While World War two was going on the Allies who had America ship them resources of supply their troops. The Huge American merchant fleets had to cross the Atlantic ocean (that was packed of German U-boats) to get to great Britain. The Germans used the (electronic) Enigma Machine (invented by the German company Sipson in 1935) to encrypt and decrypt messages. A message that had to go from Germany to a U-both had to go though certain steps:1) The real message had to be changed to a code using a secret code book (which had to be renewed every 6 months).2) The code had to be changed through the enigma machine3) The new message had to be changed to Morse and then it could be transmitted.When the U-both received the message it had to go through each of these steps backwards.The Enigma Machine was and electronic device that had 40 rotors on its outside. The key to solve a message depended on:1) Which 3 of the 40 rotors was set into the machine2) The order of the rotors in the machine and their initial position.3) The setting of some plugs behind the machinePractically one message had more the 300,000,000 keys and only one was correct. To decipher these codes the British had stolen an enigma machine and code book, established many radio centers and invented the first computers that could reduce the number of possible combinations.
While World War two was going on the Allies who had America ship them resources of supply their troops. The Huge American merchant fleets had to cross the Atlantic ocean (that was packed of German U-boats) to get to great Britain. The Germans used the (electronic) Enigma Machine (invented by the German company Sipson in 1935) to encrypt and decrypt messages. A message that had to go from Germany to a U-both had to go though certain steps:1) The real message had to be changed to a code using a secret code book (which had to be renewed every 6 months).2) The code had to be changed through the enigma machine3) The new message had to be changed to Morse and then it could be transmitted.When the U-both received the message it had to go through each of these steps backwards.The Enigma Machine was and electronic device that had 40 rotors on its outside. The key to solve a message depended on:1) Which 3 of the 40 rotors was set into the machine2) The order of the rotors in the machine and their initial position.3) The setting of some plugs behind the machinePractically one message had more the 300,000,000 keys and only one was correct. To decipher these codes the British had stolen an enigma machine and code book, established many radio centers and invented the first computers that could reduce the number of possible combinations.
book 8 Mariel of Redwall
by Brian Jacques
It is a jolly time at the Redwall abbey. The birds are singing, the food is wonderful and everybody is happy. A lost mouse maid appears, all dirty and with wild manners. Her real name is not even certain to herself but one thing she knows, her father is a prisoner of the evil (and crazy) sea rat, Gabool the Wild. The young mouse maid (now named Mariel of Redwall) will go in a quest to liberate her father. With her will come the young mouse warrior Dandin (armed with the legendary sword of Martin the warrior), the hare Tarquin (always singing to he beloved Hon Rosie) and the young cellar hog Durry Quill. Their quest is long and risky but also the other Redwallers must be careful. A little sea rat crew who has run away from Gabool's army is trying to conquer Redwall.
by Brian Jacques
It is a jolly time at the Redwall abbey. The birds are singing, the food is wonderful and everybody is happy. A lost mouse maid appears, all dirty and with wild manners. Her real name is not even certain to herself but one thing she knows, her father is a prisoner of the evil (and crazy) sea rat, Gabool the Wild. The young mouse maid (now named Mariel of Redwall) will go in a quest to liberate her father. With her will come the young mouse warrior Dandin (armed with the legendary sword of Martin the warrior), the hare Tarquin (always singing to he beloved Hon Rosie) and the young cellar hog Durry Quill. Their quest is long and risky but also the other Redwallers must be careful. A little sea rat crew who has run away from Gabool's army is trying to conquer Redwall.
book 7 The Enemies of Jupiter
by Caroline Lawrence
These are dark times in the Roman Empire. The mysterious plague is striking all over Rome. The emperor is desperate and decides to call doctors from all over the empire. Doctor Mordecai (Jonathan’s fother) is called to help the sick by and strangely emperor Titus also calls Flavia Gemina and her friends. Titus thinks that they could find a way to stop this devastating plague. This mission will lead Flavia and her friends to the myth of Prometeus and Pandora's box: " When Pandora's box will be opened Rome will be devastated". Unfortunately Jonathan has another objective. His mother and father are now in the same city and maybe they could meet and marry again. This thought will really make hell and it will end in a disaster, the fire in Rome of the Temple of Jupiter.
by Caroline Lawrence
These are dark times in the Roman Empire. The mysterious plague is striking all over Rome. The emperor is desperate and decides to call doctors from all over the empire. Doctor Mordecai (Jonathan’s fother) is called to help the sick by and strangely emperor Titus also calls Flavia Gemina and her friends. Titus thinks that they could find a way to stop this devastating plague. This mission will lead Flavia and her friends to the myth of Prometeus and Pandora's box: " When Pandora's box will be opened Rome will be devastated". Unfortunately Jonathan has another objective. His mother and father are now in the same city and maybe they could meet and marry again. This thought will really make hell and it will end in a disaster, the fire in Rome of the Temple of Jupiter.
book 6 The Dolphins of Laurentum
by Caroline Lawrence
The Dolphins of Laurentum is the 5th story of the Roman Mysteries saga. This novel narrates the adventures of Flavia Gemina and her friends on the coast of Laurentum. The story starts when Flavia's father comes home exhausted because of a big shipwreck. Flavia's father almost risks amputation because of the cuts on his leg, but there is another fact, he is broke. He invested a fortune on the cargo that sunk and he'll have to sell his house to pay some debts. Fortunatly the nephew of admiral Pliny comes along and offers Flavia and her friends a month of vacation on his villa in Laurentum. In Laurentum Flavia and her friends will search for the treasure of an ancient shipwreck. They will go on an exiting adventure that will tell them about the origins of the slave trader Venalicius and why has Lupus lost his tongue.
by Caroline Lawrence
The Dolphins of Laurentum is the 5th story of the Roman Mysteries saga. This novel narrates the adventures of Flavia Gemina and her friends on the coast of Laurentum. The story starts when Flavia's father comes home exhausted because of a big shipwreck. Flavia's father almost risks amputation because of the cuts on his leg, but there is another fact, he is broke. He invested a fortune on the cargo that sunk and he'll have to sell his house to pay some debts. Fortunatly the nephew of admiral Pliny comes along and offers Flavia and her friends a month of vacation on his villa in Laurentum. In Laurentum Flavia and her friends will search for the treasure of an ancient shipwreck. They will go on an exiting adventure that will tell them about the origins of the slave trader Venalicius and why has Lupus lost his tongue.
literature synopsis Romeo and Juliet
by William Shakespeare
Romeo is the son of a very rich Montague. Friar Lawrence instead is a priest. Friar Lawrence is a lot older then Romeo and probably he knows Romeo from when he was a child. He helps Romeo a lot and guides him (almost like a father). When Romeo wants to marry Juliet (in secret), he immediately wants to get Friar Lawrence's advice. The quote " I'll tell tee as we pass; but this I pray, that thou consent to marry us today" shows that Romeo is very confident with Friar Lawrence. Strange is the fact that Friar Lawrence calls Romeo "hence" but probably it was a typical expression in those days. After the murder of Tybalt Romeo finds hospitality at Friar Lawrence's cell and Friar Lawrence cheers him up. He also gives him hope with the quote "here from Verona art you banished: Be patient, for the world is broad and wide." and he tells Romeo that he will do his best to make his punishment temporary. Their relationship can be considered completely friendly because Friar Lawrence risks his life for Romeo.
by William Shakespeare
Romeo is the son of a very rich Montague. Friar Lawrence instead is a priest. Friar Lawrence is a lot older then Romeo and probably he knows Romeo from when he was a child. He helps Romeo a lot and guides him (almost like a father). When Romeo wants to marry Juliet (in secret), he immediately wants to get Friar Lawrence's advice. The quote " I'll tell tee as we pass; but this I pray, that thou consent to marry us today" shows that Romeo is very confident with Friar Lawrence. Strange is the fact that Friar Lawrence calls Romeo "hence" but probably it was a typical expression in those days. After the murder of Tybalt Romeo finds hospitality at Friar Lawrence's cell and Friar Lawrence cheers him up. He also gives him hope with the quote "here from Verona art you banished: Be patient, for the world is broad and wide." and he tells Romeo that he will do his best to make his punishment temporary. Their relationship can be considered completely friendly because Friar Lawrence risks his life for Romeo.
book 5 The Twelve Tasks of Flavia Gemina
by Caroline Lawrence
The Twelve Tasks of Flavia Gemina is the sixth book of the series written by Caroline Lawrence. The plot starts when Jonathan tells his friends that a few wild animals just escaped from a zoo and now they are running in the woods near Ostia. These animals will take Flavia on another journey in which Flavia must face a problem that many kids still have today, a new mother. This new fiancée of his father appears nice but Flavia thinks she only wants to marry her father for money to then kill him. In a dream Flavia is told by Hercules that she must solve 12 tasks (which are partially connected to Hercules' 12 tasks) to know the truth about his father's fiance. Is this fiance really be nice and truthful or does she have bad intentions? To know the answer you must read the book.
by Caroline Lawrence
The Twelve Tasks of Flavia Gemina is the sixth book of the series written by Caroline Lawrence. The plot starts when Jonathan tells his friends that a few wild animals just escaped from a zoo and now they are running in the woods near Ostia. These animals will take Flavia on another journey in which Flavia must face a problem that many kids still have today, a new mother. This new fiancée of his father appears nice but Flavia thinks she only wants to marry her father for money to then kill him. In a dream Flavia is told by Hercules that she must solve 12 tasks (which are partially connected to Hercules' 12 tasks) to know the truth about his father's fiance. Is this fiance really be nice and truthful or does she have bad intentions? To know the answer you must read the book.
book 4 The French Confection
by Anthony Horowitz
The French Confection is a funny book by Anthony Horowitz. This book is full of what you call black humor. The protagonist is named Nick Dymond and he appears in a chain of books. Nick is 14 but he is very smart unlike his brother Tim Dymond, who is a private detective but to isn't absolutely smart. The story starts when Tim wins a voyage for two in Paris. On the way going they encounter a man, who is very scared and gives them a packet of sugar (like the ones you get in the cafés) before being murdered a few minutes later. This little packet of sugar will transform their lovely trip into a total nightmare. After escaping death 2 times in a couple of hours they will be drugged, tied, transported in a van, blackmailed, etc. Nick will have to fight hard to save his brother and himself from death.
by Anthony Horowitz
The French Confection is a funny book by Anthony Horowitz. This book is full of what you call black humor. The protagonist is named Nick Dymond and he appears in a chain of books. Nick is 14 but he is very smart unlike his brother Tim Dymond, who is a private detective but to isn't absolutely smart. The story starts when Tim wins a voyage for two in Paris. On the way going they encounter a man, who is very scared and gives them a packet of sugar (like the ones you get in the cafés) before being murdered a few minutes later. This little packet of sugar will transform their lovely trip into a total nightmare. After escaping death 2 times in a couple of hours they will be drugged, tied, transported in a van, blackmailed, etc. Nick will have to fight hard to save his brother and himself from death.
book 3 The Best of Sherlock Holmes
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
The Best of Sherlock Holmes is a book written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It contains six cases of this famous detective . This book is written with Watson's point of view (Watson is Holmes' best friend). Sherlock Holmes lives on Baker Street with Watson (who is a Doctor). Holmes is a typical Englishman in the late 1880s. He always carries a walking stick (even if he absolutely doesn't need it) and he smokes the pipe. He completes his cases with the famous deductive reasoning. Usually if a person comes into his office he can determine the origin, language, job and even habits of that person. Like every hero Sherlock Holmes also has an enemy. This is professor Moriarty, boss of all the mafia in London and Holmes usually refers to has the Napoleon of crime. In the story Holmes dies in a great fall of 200 meters with Moriarty beside him. The funny think is that Arthur Conan Doyle had to make him resuscitate in another book soon after because of public protests by the readers.
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
The Best of Sherlock Holmes is a book written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It contains six cases of this famous detective . This book is written with Watson's point of view (Watson is Holmes' best friend). Sherlock Holmes lives on Baker Street with Watson (who is a Doctor). Holmes is a typical Englishman in the late 1880s. He always carries a walking stick (even if he absolutely doesn't need it) and he smokes the pipe. He completes his cases with the famous deductive reasoning. Usually if a person comes into his office he can determine the origin, language, job and even habits of that person. Like every hero Sherlock Holmes also has an enemy. This is professor Moriarty, boss of all the mafia in London and Holmes usually refers to has the Napoleon of crime. In the story Holmes dies in a great fall of 200 meters with Moriarty beside him. The funny think is that Arthur Conan Doyle had to make him resuscitate in another book soon after because of public protests by the readers.
book 2 The Assasins of Rome
by Caroline Lawrence
The Assassins of Rome is the fourth book of the series by Caroline Lawrence. The story starts when two guards go to Jonathan's house saying that a deadly assassin is searching for Jonathan's father, the next day the assassin presents himself at Jonathan's house and we discover that he is Jonathan's uncle on a special mission. This will take our heroes in a difficult mystery in Ancient Rome were Jonathan thinks his mother is still alive. Jonathan is an Hebrew and he tries to find out why in the Jerusalem attack by emperor Titus (90 A.D.) his mother didn't run away with his father. Flavia and her friends go after Jonathan using Flavia's brain and detective instinct. In this adventure they will see the Arena, the chariot races, the Palatine hill and the golden house and thanks to Flavia's uncle Syspius and Rizpah, a girl in the golden house, they will end up stopping a huge plot against the legendary emperor Titus.
by Caroline Lawrence
The Assassins of Rome is the fourth book of the series by Caroline Lawrence. The story starts when two guards go to Jonathan's house saying that a deadly assassin is searching for Jonathan's father, the next day the assassin presents himself at Jonathan's house and we discover that he is Jonathan's uncle on a special mission. This will take our heroes in a difficult mystery in Ancient Rome were Jonathan thinks his mother is still alive. Jonathan is an Hebrew and he tries to find out why in the Jerusalem attack by emperor Titus (90 A.D.) his mother didn't run away with his father. Flavia and her friends go after Jonathan using Flavia's brain and detective instinct. In this adventure they will see the Arena, the chariot races, the Palatine hill and the golden house and thanks to Flavia's uncle Syspius and Rizpah, a girl in the golden house, they will end up stopping a huge plot against the legendary emperor Titus.
book 1 The Secrets of Vesuvius
by Caroline Lawrence
The Secrets of Vesuvius is the second book of the series by Caroline Lawrence. The story takes place in ancient Rome and it talks about a little girl called Flavia Gemina and her friends.The story starts in Ostia were Flavia is bathing with her friends. Flavia sees a person lieing in the water and her bodyguard retrives him. This person is admiral Pliny. They rescue him and they help him. Pliny gives Flavia a riddle to solve and a person to find in Pompei since Flavia and her friends have to go to Pompei for the summer. Flavia will face a new adventure in Pompei with her friends. She will find the person she was searching for (Vulcan, a blacksmith) and help him find his parents. At the end Mount Vesuvius erupts and Flavia and her friends have to run away. Many of them will die heroically and the rest ends up in a rescue camp where Flavia and her friends must face a new adventure.
by Caroline Lawrence
The Secrets of Vesuvius is the second book of the series by Caroline Lawrence. The story takes place in ancient Rome and it talks about a little girl called Flavia Gemina and her friends.The story starts in Ostia were Flavia is bathing with her friends. Flavia sees a person lieing in the water and her bodyguard retrives him. This person is admiral Pliny. They rescue him and they help him. Pliny gives Flavia a riddle to solve and a person to find in Pompei since Flavia and her friends have to go to Pompei for the summer. Flavia will face a new adventure in Pompei with her friends. She will find the person she was searching for (Vulcan, a blacksmith) and help him find his parents. At the end Mount Vesuvius erupts and Flavia and her friends have to run away. Many of them will die heroically and the rest ends up in a rescue camp where Flavia and her friends must face a new adventure.
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